Solving the urban air pollution and GHG challenge

Urban air pollution and rising carbon footprints are the scourge of Indian cities. One of the key sources of urban air pollution is vehicular emission. In this context, the Indian government's green initiatives are indeed laudable. They deserve a pat on the back for biting the bullet and addressing environmental concerns with new -regulations, policies, frameworks, and audacious goals, especially when the US is backing out of their commitments to The Paris Climate Treaty. There are 3 government initiatives that standout:

• The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan: India's National Electric Mobility Mission Plan targets 6 -7 million electric and hybrid vehicles in the country by 2020.
• Government's FAME Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles) provides financial support for technology development, creating manufacturing infrastructure and subsidies for purchase. FAME is valid till 2020, by when the government expects the hybrid and electric vehicles market to be self-sustaining.
• GUTS scheme for low carbon transformation through unique financing aimed at government owned vehicles

But are Electric Vehicles (EVs) all they are made out to be in combating pollution? Have we looked far enough into the future to understand their long-term impact? Are there guidelines and regulations in place to ensure that this medicine has no adverse side effects? What are the mechanisms in place to help the automotive value chain to ramp up to supply components and parts for vehicles that do not have engines in the first place. What is in it for the end user? How affordable it is going to be. What is the life cycle emission of electric vehicle vs normal vehicles? Are electric vehicles charged with coal fired power environmentally sound?

To switch to EV or not!

There are many compelling reasons to make the switch and it is happening faster than you may think. Governments in France, England, Norway, Netherlands and India have committed to switching to EVs (Time scales vary – 2025 – 2040). Mayors of various major cities are determined to take steps to block diesel vehicles from cities.

No Tailpipe Emissions

The India government's proposed switch to EVs would reduce carbon emissions by 37% by 2030. EV rollout has to be for all types of vehicles plying on Indian roads. Carbon emissions apart – diesel and petrol are killers due to the fact it spews dangerous air pollutants. EVs have zero tailpipe emissions as compared to cars using fossil fuel, which release harmful air pollutants including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter. According to the World Health Organization, 13 of the top 20 global cities with highest air pollution are in India. With EVs in place cities will definitely be able to breathe easier. With cleaner grid energy EVs appear to be promising solution for urban environment.

The Silent Vehicle

EVs run more silently than their petrol or diesel counterparts. Switching to EVs would reduce noise pollution to a certain extent (if we Indians learn to stop blowing our horns!).

Safer?

EVs tend to have a lower centre of gravity than conventional vehicles. This makes EVs more stable and less likely to roll over. Also since they do not contain flammable fuel there is a lower risk of fire or explosion.

India's Dependency On Fossil Fuels

India’s oil import bill has been rising, and is pegged at Rs 4.7 lakh crore in 2016-17, 3% of GDP. India imports 80% of its crude oil needs, making it hugely dependent on global supplies and vulnerable to global shocks. India is the world's third largest oil importer and vehicles contribute one-third of its oil demand. Switching to electric vehicles would save the government $60 billion in imports by 2030.

Lighter On The Pocket!

Electric cars are a big advantage both in terms of running and maintenance. The price of electricity to charge and run an electric car is less than 25% of the cost of driving a petrol car for the same distance.

Moreover maintenance cost of electric vehicles is low because there are less moving parts than in a petrol or diesel vehicle. The only substantial cost is that of replacing batteries, after 8 to 12 years of running.

Downside or is it?

As clean as the power that charges it:

Unless clean energy is used as a source to charge electric vehicles, we will just be relocating atmospheric pollution from the place of use of vehicles to the place of power generation. As per Indian BS-IV emission standards, gasoline cars cannot emit more than 1 g Carbon Monoxide, 0.1 g Hydrocarbon and 0.08 g Nitrogen Oxide per running kilometre. But when we use thermal electricity to charge an electric vehicle apart from the mentioned pollutants we also end up releasing sulphur dioxide as the source for thermal electricity is coal.

“Electric vehicles are only as green as the energy sources used to charge them.”

YES Bank report prepared in association with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

But thermal electricity generated to charge an electric car running 1 km, emits 0.44 g nitrogen oxide and 0.72 g sulphur dioxide. Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide is not produced from coal powered plants as there is no incomplete combustion. Therefore, charging an electric car would create more nitrogen oxide than running a gasoline car, as well as produce harmful sulphur dioxide if the energy source is thermal power. 67% of India's energy is generated in thermal power plants, and 88% of thermal power is generated by highly polluting coal fired plants.

Change in energy mix and switch to cleaner fuel and air pollution control/mitigation is therefore is important consideration in fuelling the EV revolution

However, in terms of well to tank energy efficiency, calculations undertaken by the E2O community clearly show that:

• A small electric car is more than 2.5 times efficient than an equivalent petrol car.
• An electric SUV is more than 1.8 times efficient than an equivalent diesel SUV.
• An electric scooter is more than 2 times efficient than an equivalent petrol scooter.

With renewable energy in the grid mix over a period of time the grid emissions are expected to reduce. However, the future of renewable energy in India presumably rests on achieving the ambitious solar power target set by the country. In its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) under the Paris Agreement, India committed to increase the amount of electric power from clean energy resources to 40% by 2030. Electrification of the automobile industry will take the solar bet to the next level. It will at once help India tackle its oil import bill, secure its energy needs and cut down vehicular pollution. While one can argue about EVs causing displaced pollution one must bear in mind the nature of pollution source – point source air pollution control is relatively easier Therefore, India needs more ambitious and rapid distributed renewable energy RE adoption. There are examples of EV enthusiasts setting up solar charging stations (www.pluginindia.com), however these efforts are in pockets, and there needs to be focussed effort on the RE and non-RE-charging infrastructure from the government, as well as automotive majors such as Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata motors and companies like ABB and Tata Power.

Pressure on the Grid

Another concern was the charging of EV will put pressure on the grid – however did you know that is possible to set up EV charging stations on solar without touching the grid. Also, if you were to charge using the grid as I do– it is during night-time when the load is less and therefore does not have any impact on manufacturing or business activities.

Lithium mining Impact

Most mining operations are accompanied by various forms of environmental degradation. Lithium, a key component in batteries of electric vehicles, is typically found in salt flat regions with water paucity. Lithium mining uses large quantities of water as well as toxic chemicals for the leaching process. The result is further water scarcity in the region accompanied by water contamination. Nickel and Cobalt, mined for use in the production of lithium ion batteries, add additional environmental risks. To mitigate the negative impact and added focus on battery recycling is going to be critical.

Recycling Woes

Take back programs by car manufacturers will ensure high rates of recovery, besides providing opportunities for circularity. Recycling of used lithium-ion batteries is an uneconomical process. These batteries have a variety of metals and minerals in each battery cell, making it difficult and expensive to isolate and extract single elements. Without progressive regulation to ensure recycling, valuable metals and minerals will be lost in land-fills of non-recycled waste. Added efforts on setting up lithium ion recycling facilities will be required as well to provide end of use take back. In a recent movement ISRO and BHEL have tied up to develop low cost batteries for EVs and envision take back for such batteries! Bearing in mind that cost of Lithium ion batteries is coming down, and falling 8% per year: Total cost of battery per Km - (lifetime depreciation, interest, maintenance and charging of battery) compared to rising petrol costs and maintenance costs of petrol and diesel vehicles); innovative solutions like battery as a service, and initiatives such as ISRO and BHEL’s there seems to be solutions for some of the bottlenecks for EV adoption.

Battery swap too is the solution!

In 2014, while Indian electric vehicle manufacturer Gayam Motor Works (GMW) was designing and developing electric three-wheelers for a Japanese firm, they realised that key to electric vehicle adoption in India was to make charging as simple as going to a fuel station.

GMW India came up with battery as a service model! In the swapping model, the manufacturer owns the batteries and charges drivers for the service provided based on the usage. This model will help in keeping all Lithium Ion batteries as producer responsibility ensuring 100% recycling and recovery.

Electrified: Charged and surging ahead

The government's most important role in combating pollution and promoting sustainability is to rapidly ramp up power generation from clean sources and make electrical charging stations as popular and profitable as petrol and diesel ones. Without clean energy, EVs are as harmful to the environment as petrol and diesel vehicles, just in a different location (as the generation is happening elsewhere). However, over a period of time the grid power in India will be increasingly cleaner due to the focus on solar and wind. The International Solar Alliance established by India, is an alliance of 120 countries between the Tropics, is looking at massively ramping up solar. This movement is a pioneering movement in the right direction.

Overall EV married with clean energy opens a huge opportunity for innovation, job creation in context of clean power and EV (Total funding to private electric vehicle (EV) companies surged from under $200 million in 2013 to over $2 billion in 2016), cleaner air, and reduced carbon emission.

However, bearing in mind the pace of change, due thought must be given to pivoting the auto component value chain, recycling and take back setup, regulations to assure proper transportation and handling, recovery and take back of batteries, green charging infrastructure (both grid and off-grid), all of this would go a long way for a bright future for electric vehicles. India seems to have really stepped up to take leadership in EV, and appears fully charged for an electric future. This will truly put India at the top of global economies with not only aggressive, fast-paced growth, but also, one that reimagines sustainability to provide benefits to people, profits and the planet!